What is a Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)?
A urinary tract infection (UTI) is an infection that affects any part of the urinary system, including the:
- Bladder (cystitis)
- Urethra (urethritis)
- Kidneys (pyelonephritis)
- Prostate (prostatitis, in men)
- Epididymis and testicles (epididymo-orchitis, in men)
UTIs are very common, especially in women, babies, and older adults, though men of all ages can also be affected.
What Causes a UTI?
Most UTIs are caused by bacteria entering the urinary tract through the urethra and multiplying in the bladder. The most common cause is E. coli, a bacterium normally found in the bowel. Other microorganisms, including those from sexually transmitted infections (STIs), can also cause UTIs.
Risk Factors for UTIs Include:
- Being female – women have a shorter urethra, allowing bacteria easier access to the bladder
- Use of urinary catheters – especially in hospital or after surgery
- Prostate problems in men – can lead to incomplete bladder emptying
- Babies – particularly those with urinary tract abnormalities
- Weakened immune systems – from conditions like cancer or diabetes
- Unprotected sexual activity – especially with multiple partners
What Are the Symptoms of a UTI?
Symptoms depend on the part of the urinary tract affected.
Bladder or Urethra Infection Symptoms:
- Burning or pain when urinating
- Frequent urge to urinate
- Lower abdominal or pelvic pain
- Cloudy or foul-smelling urine
Kidney Infection Symptoms (more severe):
- Fever and chills
- Back or flank pain
- Nausea and vomiting
- Abdominal pain
Kidney infections are serious and require urgent medical attention.
How is a UTI Treated?
UTIs are typically treated with antibiotics. Your doctor may prescribe:
- Oral antibiotics based on your symptoms and urine test results
- Intravenous (IV) antibiotics and fluids in hospital if the infection is severe or involves the kidneys
It’s important to complete the full course of antibiotics, even if symptoms improve early.
